The natural weed, Ageratum conyzoides L. (goat weed, Asteraceae), is a significant component of subtropical and tropical crop fields, serving as a host for a range of plant pathogens, as outlined by She et al. (2013). During April 2022, a substantial 90% of A. conyzoides plants grown in maize fields situated in Sanya, Hainan, China, exhibited characteristic signs of a viral infection, marked by vein yellowing, chlorosis of the leaves, and distortion (Figure S1 A-C). Total RNA was extracted from one symptomatic leaf of A. conyzoides, specifically. The small RNA Sample Pre Kit (Illumina, San Diego, USA) was utilized to construct small RNA libraries, which were sequenced on an Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform (Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China). Urologic oncology After removing low-quality reads, a conclusive count of 15,848,189 clean reads was ascertained. Quality-controlled, qualified reads, assembled into contigs using Velvet 10.5 software, had a k-mer value of 17. From online BLASTn searches (https//blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?), 100 contigs demonstrated nucleotide identity to CaCV, showing percentages ranging from 857% to 100%. Among the contigs generated in this study, 45, 34, and 21 demonstrated alignment to the L, M, and S RNA segments, respectively, of the CaCV-Hainan isolate (GenBank accession number). In Hainan province, China, spider lily (Hymenocallis americana) specimens provided genetic markers KX078565 and KX078567, respectively. The L, M, and S RNA segments of CaCV-AC were sequenced and found to be 8913, 4841, and 3629 base pairs in length, respectively, according to GenBank records (accession number). Owing to their mutual relevance, OQ597167 and OQ597169 should be considered together. Five symptomatic leaf samples were tested positive for CaCV via a CaCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (MEIMIAN, Jiangsu, China). This is illustrated in supplementary Figure S1-D. Using two primer pairs, RT-PCR amplification of the total RNA extracted from these leaves was achieved. Primers CaCV-F (5'-ACTTTCCATCAACCTCTGT-3') and CaCV-R (5'-GTTATGGCCATATTTCCCT-3') were used to amplify the 828-base pair fragment from the nucleocapsid protein (NP) present in CaCV S RNA. Another set of primers, gL3637 (5'-CCTTTAACAGTDGAAACAT-3') and gL4435c (5'-CATDGCRCAAGARTGRTARACAGA-3'), were employed to amplify a 816-bp fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) gene from CaCV L RNA, as visualized in supplementary figures S1-E and S1-F (Basavaraj et al., 2020). The pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero vector (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) was utilized to clone the amplicons, followed by sequencing of three independent positive Escherichia coli DH5 colonies, each harboring a unique viral amplicon. The GenBank database now holds these sequences, identified by their accession numbers. The JSON schema, containing a list of sentences, spans from OP616700 to OP616709. immunostimulant OK-432 A pairwise analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the NP and RdRP genes across five CaCV isolates demonstrated a remarkable 99.5% identity (812 out of 828 base pairs) for the NP gene and 99.4% (799 out of 816 base pairs) for the RdRP gene, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of other CaCV isolates from the GenBank database demonstrated 862-992% and 865-991% nucleotide identity, respectively, with the sequences under investigation. The CaCV-Hainan isolate, from the isolates obtained in the study, displayed the greatest nucleotide sequence similarity, attaining 99%. Phylogenetic analysis of the NP amino acid sequences from six CaCV isolates—five from this study and one from the NCBI database—resulted in their grouping within one distinct clade (Figure S2). The presence of CaCV naturally infecting A. conyzoides in China was definitively established by our data, increasing our knowledge of the host spectrum and offering support for disease management efforts.

Infestation by the fungus Microdochium nivale results in the turfgrass disease, Microdochium patch. Previously, applications of iron sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·7H2O) and phosphorous acid (H3PO3) have demonstrated the ability to control Microdochium patch on annual bluegrass putting greens when used independently; however, the level of disease suppression was insufficient, or turfgrass quality suffered due to these applications. A field study was undertaken in Corvallis, Oregon, USA to assess the synergistic impact of FeSO4·7H2O and H3PO3 on the control of Microdochium patch disease and the quality of annual bluegrass. The findings of this study suggest that applying 37 kilograms of H3PO3 per hectare, coupled with either 24 or 49 kilograms of FeSO4·7H2O per hectare every two weeks, effectively reduced Microdochium patch incidence without significantly affecting turf quality. However, applying 98 kilograms of FeSO4·7H2O per hectare, with or without H3PO3, negatively impacted turf quality. Spray suspensions, by altering the pH of the water carrier, necessitated two further growth chamber experiments to investigate the resulting impact on leaf surface pH and the suppression of Microdochium patch formation. The first growth chamber experiment's application date revealed a reduction of at least 19% in leaf surface pH, when FeSO4·7H2O was utilized alone, in comparison to the well water control. Adding 37 kg/ha of H3PO3 to FeSO4·7H2O invariably reduced leaf surface pH by at least 34%, irrespective of the rate of application. The second growth chamber trial established that a 0.5% spray solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) consistently yielded the lowest annual bluegrass leaf surface pH among all groups, yet it failed to control Microdochium patch. The results of these studies indicate that leaf surface pH decreases as a consequence of treatments, but this decrease in pH does not seem to be the principal factor for the prevention of Microdochium patch.

Pratylenchus neglectus (RLN), a migratory endoparasite and major soil-borne pathogen, causes substantial damage to wheat (Triticum spp.) crops worldwide. Genetic resistance presents itself as one of the most cost-effective and efficient strategies for controlling P. neglectus in wheat cultivation. Research on *P. neglectus* resistance in wheat, conducted in seven greenhouse experiments from 2016 to 2020, involved an evaluation of 37 local cultivars and germplasm lines. This included 26 hexaploid, 6 durum, 2 synthetic hexaploid, 1 emmer, and 2 triticale varieties. North Dakota field soils, containing two RLN populations (ranging from 350 to 1125 nematodes per kilogram of soil), were used in controlled greenhouse conditions to evaluate resistance. read more The nematode population density, determined microscopically for each cultivar and line, enabled the classification of resistance, ranging from resistant to susceptible, including moderately resistant and moderately susceptible entries. Amongst 37 cultivars and lines, one displayed resistance (Brennan). Eighteen exhibited moderate resistance (Divide, Carpio, Prosper, Advance, Alkabo, SY Soren, Barlow, Bolles, Select, Faller, Briggs, WB Mayville, SY Ingmar, W7984, PI 626573, Ben, Grandin, Villax St. Jose). Eleven showed moderate susceptibility, and seven were categorized as susceptible to P. neglectus. This study's findings of moderate to resistant lines can inform breeding programs, provided the resistance genes or loci are subsequently identified and clarified. The Upper Midwest's wheat and triticale varieties, as examined in this research, provide crucial data on their resilience to P. neglectus.

Within Malaysian ecosystems, Paspalum conjugatum, commonly called Buffalo grass (family Poaceae), persists as a weed in rice paddies, residential landscapes, and sod farms, according to Uddin et al. (2010) and Hakim et al. (2013). September 2022 saw the collection of Buffalo grass specimens showing rust symptoms from a lawn at Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah (coordinates: 601'556N, 11607'157E). A substantial 90% of observed situations involved this particular event. Among the leaf surfaces, the abaxial side was most prominently displaying yellow uredinia. The disease's progression led to the leaves becoming encrusted with coalescing pustules. A microscopic analysis of the pustules exhibited the presence of urediniospores. The urediniospores, their form ellipsoid to obovoid, held yellow interiors and measured 164-288 x 140-224 micrometers; their surfaces were echinulate, and a conspicuous tonsure was evident on most of the spores. To collect the yellow urediniospores, a fine brush was used, followed by genomic DNA extraction, which was undertaken in line with the work of Khoo et al. (2022a). Following the procedures outlined by Khoo et al. (2022b), partial 28S ribosomal RNA (28S) and cytochrome c oxidase III (COX3) gene fragments were amplified using the primers Rust28SF/LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990; Aime et al. 2018) and CO3 F1/CO3 R1 (Vialle et al. 2009), respectively. Deposited in GenBank, the 28S (985/985 bp) sequences with accession numbers OQ186624-OQ186626, along with the 556/556 bp COX3 sequences identified by accession numbers OQ200381-OQ200383. The 28S (MW049243) and COX3 (MW036496) sequences of Angiopsora paspalicola displayed a 100% match with their counterparts. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the combined 28S and COX3 sequences placed the isolate within a strongly supported clade alongside A. paspalicola. Urediniospores, suspended in water (106 spores/ml), were sprayed onto three healthy Buffalo grass leaves as part of Koch's postulates. Three additional Buffalo grass leaves were sprayed with water only to serve as a control. By design, the inoculated Buffalo grass were placed in the greenhouse. Symptoms and signs matching those observed in the field collection appeared in the subject 12 days after inoculation. In the control group, no symptoms were evident. This Malaysian report, to our understanding, represents the first known account of A. paspalicola causing leaf rust to affect P. conjugatum. Our research reveals a wider geographical reach for A. paspalicola within Malaysia. While P. conjugatum is a host of the pathogen, investigation into the pathogen's host range, specifically within valuable Poaceae crops, is crucial.