With the decrease in emissions from industries and vehicles in China during the past years, the careful examination and scientific regulation of non-road construction equipment (NRCE) could play a critical role in reducing PM2.5 and ozone pollution in the following stages. A systematic study of NRCE emission characteristics encompassed the measurement of CO, HC, NOx, PM25, and CO2 emission rates, along with the component analysis of HC and PM25, from 3 loaders, 8 excavators, and 4 forklifts under different operational conditions. Integrating field testing data, construction site characteristics, and population density patterns, the NRCE emission inventory was developed with a 01×01 resolution nationwide and a 001×001 resolution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. A disparity in instantaneous emission rates and compositional attributes was evident in the sample test results, across different equipment and operating modes. JS109 Generally speaking, the most prevalent components of PM2.5 in NRCE are organic carbon and elemental carbon, and the dominant components of OVOCs in NRCE are hydrocarbons and olefins. The proportion of olefins is considerably higher during the idle phase of operation than during the working mode. Emission factors for various equipment, determined via measurement, surpassed the Stage III standard to a fluctuating degree. The high-resolution emission inventory highlighted that the most prominent emissions in China originated from highly developed central and eastern areas, represented by BTH. A systematic analysis of China's NRCE emissions is offered in this study, and the method for creating the NRCE emission inventory, incorporating multiple data fusion approaches, provides important methodological reference for other emission sources.

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) offer a compelling future for aquaculture, yet the operational details regarding nitrogen removal efficacy and the evolving microbial communities in both freshwater and marine RAS systems warrant further investigation. For 54 days, six RAS systems were set up and divided into freshwater (0 salinity) and marine water (32 salinity) groups. The experiment assessed variations in nitrogen (NH4+-N, NO2-N, NO3-N), extracellular polymeric substances and microbial communities. The freshwater RAS exhibited rapid ammonia nitrogen reduction, nearly completing conversion to nitrate nitrogen, whereas the marine RAS resulted in nitrite nitrogen formation. Marine RAS systems, when compared to freshwater RAS systems, demonstrated reduced levels of tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances, coupled with a decline in stability and settleability. Bacterial diversity and richness assessments, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, unveiled considerably lower values in marine RAS. The phylum-level analysis of the microbial community showed lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Nitrospirae, while Bacteroidetes demonstrated a higher relative abundance at the 32 salinity level. Functional genera (Nitrosospira, Nitrospira, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Comamonas, Acidovorax, Comamonadaceae) essential for nitrogen removal in marine RAS were less abundant due to high salinity, potentially contributing to the observed nitrite buildup and low nitrogen removal capacity. These results offer a valuable theoretical and practical framework for accelerating the startup time of high-salinity nitrifying biofilm.

Ancient China frequently faced locust outbreaks, which were among the most significant biological disasters. A quantitative statistical analysis of historical data from the Ming and Qing Dynasties explored the temporal and spatial connections between shifting aquatic environments and locust populations in the Yellow River's downstream regions, while also examining other contributing factors to locust outbreaks. Locust plagues, drought spells, and floods displayed a correlated pattern over space and time, as indicated by this study. Long-term observations revealed a simultaneous occurrence of locust plagues and droughts, but there was a weak relationship between locust outbreaks and floods. Drought-affected years exhibited a considerably higher propensity for locust infestations occurring during the drought month when compared to non-drought years and other months. In the years immediately following a flood, the probability of a locust plague increased significantly compared to other years, though extreme flooding alone was not a sufficient condition to cause a locust outbreak. Locust outbreaks in the waterlogged and riverine breeding grounds, characterized by flooding and drought, exhibited a stronger correlation with these environmental factors compared to other breeding regions. Areas situated alongside the diverted Yellow River became focal points for repeated locust swarms. Beyond the influence of climate change on the hydrothermal conditions that support locusts, human activities are also a key driver of locust occurrences by impacting their habitats. Historical patterns of locust infestations and alterations to local water infrastructure offer significant knowledge for the design and application of disaster avoidance and minimization measures within this region.

The spread of a pathogen throughout a community is effectively monitored by the non-invasive and budget-friendly method of wastewater-based epidemiology. The application of WBE for assessing the spread and population shifts of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has uncovered notable bioinformatic challenges in analyzing the derived data. We introduce a novel distance metric, CoVdist, alongside an accompanying analysis tool tailored to facilitate ordination analysis on WBE data. This allows for the precise characterization of viral population changes based on differences in nucleotide sequences. From July 2021 to June 2022, we implemented these novel techniques on a substantial dataset derived from wastewater samples gathered across 18 cities in nine American states. JS109 The transition from the Delta to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 lineages displayed notable patterns consistent with clinical observations; nevertheless, our wastewater analysis provided unique insights, demonstrating substantial variations in viral population dynamics, including distinctions at the state, city, and neighborhood levels. Early dissemination of variants of concern and the presence of recombinant lineages during variant transitions were also noted, both requiring sophisticated analysis from clinically derived viral genomes. Future applications of WBE to track SARS-CoV-2, especially as the emphasis on clinical monitoring diminishes, will derive significant benefit from the methods detailed here. Generalizability is a key feature of these approaches, permitting their use in the analysis and monitoring of future viral epidemics.

Over-reliance on and insufficient replenishment of groundwater has created a pressing requirement for conserving fresh water and reusing treated wastewater. The Karnataka government, recognizing the water scarcity in Kolar district, initiated a large-scale recycling program. This program utilizes secondary treated municipal wastewater (STW) to indirectly replenish groundwater, processing 440 million liters daily. In this recycling process, soil aquifer treatment (SAT) technology is applied, wherein surface run-off tanks are filled with STW to purposefully recharge aquifers through infiltration. This study measures how STW recycling influences groundwater recharge rates, levels, and quality in the crystalline aquifers located in peninsular India. The study area exhibits aquifers composed of hard rock, specifically fractured gneiss, granites, schists, and exceptionally fractured weathered rocks. A comparison of agricultural effects from the enhanced GW table is made by contrasting areas given STW with those denied it, and measurements tracked alterations before and after STW recycling. Utilizing the 1D AMBHAS model, daily recharge rates were assessed, demonstrating a tenfold increase and a corresponding significant rise in groundwater levels. The rejuvenated tanks' surface water, as per the study's results, conforms to the demanding water discharge standards established by the country for STW facilities. Analysis of the studied boreholes revealed a 58-73% increase in groundwater levels and a significant improvement in water quality, yielding a shift from hard water to soft water. Land-use and land-cover surveys corroborated an increment in the number of water features, trees, and arable land. Agricultural productivity, milk production, and fish yield experienced notable improvements, with GW's availability contributing to an increase of 11-42%, 33%, and 341%, respectively. The study's results are expected to influence the approaches of other Indian metro areas, illustrating the potential of repurposing STW towards a circular economy and a water-resilient framework.

In light of the restricted budget for invasive alien species (IAS) management, it is imperative to create cost-effective strategies for prioritizing their control. This research paper proposes an optimization framework for invasion control costs and benefits, considering the spatial dimensions of both costs, benefits, and invasion dynamics. To manage invasive alien species (IASs) in space effectively, our framework provides a straightforward and operational priority-setting approach, all within the allocated budget. In a protected French area, we utilized this standard to manage the spread of primrose willow (Ludwigia genus). Based on a unique geographic information system dataset that tracks control costs and invasion rates across space for a 20-year period, we assessed the costs of invasion management and designed a spatial econometric model for primrose willow invasion dynamics. Finally, a field choice experiment was undertaken to determine the geographically explicit rewards of invasive species eradication. JS109 The priority criteria we apply highlight that, unlike the present homogenous spatial invasion control strategy, the recommended course of action prioritizes targeted control in heavily infested, high-value zones.